AXIAL LOADING

29 Jayson MIV. Herbert CM. Barks JS.Intervertebral disc: Morphology and bursting pressure. 1975: Ann Rheum Dis 32:308-315.

30 Hutton WC, Adams MA. Can the lumbar spine be crushed by heavy lifting?. 1982; 7: 586-90.

31 Nachemson A. Morris JM. In vivo measurements of intradiscal pressure. J Bone Joint Surg (Am) 1964;46:1077.)

33 Nachemson, A. L., Disc pressure measurements. 1981; Spine, 6:93-97

34 Sato, K., Kikuchi, S., and Yonezawa, T. In vivo intradiscal pressure measurement in healthy individuals and in patients with ongoing back problems. 1999; Spine, 24(23):2468- 2474.,

35 Wilke H-J, Neef P,  Caimi M, Hoogland T,  Lutz E.  New In Vivo Measurements of Pressures in the Intervertebral Disc in Daily Life. 1999; SPINE 24, pp 755–762

37 Adams M, McNally D, Chinn H et al. Posture and compressive strength of the lumbar spine. 1994; Clin biomech 9:5-14

38 Wilke, H.-J., Wolf, S., Claes, L. E., Arand, M., Wiesend, A. Stability increase of the lumbar spine with different muscle groups.- A biomechanicaJ in vitro study. 1995 Spine 20, 192-198.

RECLINED MODE

68 Nachemson A. Morris JM. In vivo measurements of intradiscal pressure. 1964; J Bone Joint Surg (Am);46:1077.

74 Sato, K., Kikuchi, S., and Yonezawa, T. In vivo intradiscal pressure measurement in healthy individuals and in patients with ongoing back problems. 1999; Spine, 24(23):2468- 2474.

89 Wilke H.-J,  Neef P, Hinz B, Seidel H, Claes L.  Intradiscal pressure together with anthropometric data ± a data set for the validation of model. 2001 Clinical Biomechanics 16 Suppl; 1: 111-126

EXERCISE

4 Croft PR, Papageorgiou AC, Thomas E et al. Short term physical risk factors  for new episodes of low back pain.  Prospective evidence from the South Manchester Back Pain Study. 1999; Spine 24: 1556-1561.

3 Croft PR et al. Outcome of low back pain in general practice: a prospective study. 1998; BMJ 316: 1356-9.

98 Linton SJ, van Tulder MW.  Preventive interventions for back and neck pain problems: what is the evidence?   2001 Spine  1;26(7):778-87..

151 Patel A.  Am J Epidem;172:419, Quoted in New Scientist 29/6/2013:45

39 Hides JA, Richardson CA & Jull GA. Multifidus recovery is not automatic following resolution of acute  first episode low back pain. 1996;Spine